Capability
Source · Europe’s Defence Spending Surges to Post–Cold War Highs
What is the central argument of “Europe’s Defence Spending Surges to Post”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
European defence spending has reached its highest level since the Cold War era, driven by the war in Ukraine and heightened geopolitical tensions. New data show that military expenditure in Europe jumped by 17% in 2024 to about $693 billion, pushing the region’s spending beyond the level recorded at the end of the Cold War . This surge…
Capability
Source · SEAP Structures and the Possibility of Debt Issuance
What is the central argument of “SEAP Structures and the Possibility of Debt Issuance”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
Section 1 – Regulatory scope and legal basis. EDIP creates the Structure for European Armament Programme (SEAP) as a legal vehicle to aggregate demand and ensure timely availability and supply of defence products across their lifecycle, while stimulating cross-border industrial cooperation (Article 40). It is established by Commission…
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Source · RTX Corporation Tops U.S. Defence Market Cap Rankings
What is the central argument of “RTX Corporation Tops U.S. Defence Market Cap Rankings”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
RTX Corporation (formerly Raytheon Technologies) has ascended to become the most valuable U.S. defence contractor by market capitalization, reflecting investor confidence in its diverse portfolio and strategic positioning. With a market cap around $165–$170 billion in early 2025, RTX edged past long-time rival Lockheed Martin and dwarfs…
Capability
Source · European Defence Single Market (Defence Readiness Omnibus): The Legal Architecture of Europe’s Strategic Autonomy
What is the central argument of “European Defence Single Market (Defence Readiness Omnibus)”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
For more than seven decades, Europe’s defence market has remained fragmented along national lines, governed by divergent procurement systems, certification procedures, and export controls that reflect twentieth-century industrial sovereignties rather than twenty-first-century security realities. The Defence Readiness Omnibus seeks to…
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Source · European Deterrence in Ukraine: The Heart of Future Security or Insecurity
What is the central argument of “European Deterrence in Ukraine”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
The war in Ukraine has highlighted the fragility of European security and the urgency of developing credible deterrence mechanisms that go beyond financial or rhetorical commitments. According to recent debates, the most important element of any guarantee for Ukraine’s future stability must be a well-armed European deterrence force on…
Capability
Source · Europe’s Counter-Drone Market: Industrial Scale-Up and Financing Frictions
What is the central argument of “Europe’s Counter-Drone Market”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
Germany’s counter-drone exercises in November 2025, centred on Project Flytrap 4.5 at Truppenübungsplatz Putlos, provide a useful entry point for reading Europe’s counter-UAS market through an industrial and financing lens. The format did not treat industry as a peripheral exhibitor: vendors were embedded in a field-testing cycle…
Capability
Source · Rebuilding Europe’s Defence Industrial Base
What is the central argument of “Rebuilding Europe’s Defence Industrial Base”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
The return of large-scale war to Europe has exposed the fragility of the continent’s defence industrial base and its structural dependence on a globalized economy optimized for efficiency rather than endurance. For three decades, Europe treated armaments production as a residual function of the Cold War, sustained only through limited…
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Source · SAFE Regulation (EU) 2025/1106 and EDIP Regulation (EU) 2025/2643 as a Single Operational Sequence
What is the central argument of “SAFE Regulation (EU) 2025/1106 and EDIP Regulation (EU) 2025/2643 as a Single Operational Sequence”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
Regulation (EU) 2025/1106 establishes the Security Action For Europe instrument as an exceptional and temporary measure providing financial assistance to Member States in the form of Union loans. That assistance is embedded in a procedural architecture centred on a request accompanied by a European defence industry investment plan, which…
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Source · Europe Will Be Left Alone
What is the central argument of “Europe Will Be Left Alone”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
After the end of the Second World War, the central issue of European security was whether or not American troops would remain on the continent. The experience of the first postwar period raised fears that Washington might once again withdraw, returning to an isolationist stance. In fact, between 1945 and 1947 the United States…
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Source · Technology, Escalation, and Nuclear Risk at Sea
What is the central argument of “Technology, Escalation, and Nuclear Risk at Sea”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
The technological dimension of naval power introduces into the Indo-Pacific a series of variables that both increase the complexity of deterrence and simultaneously heighten the fragility of strategic equilibrium. Modern fleets are no longer measured primarily by the number of units they deploy, but by the integration of nuclear…
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Source · The Baltic Energy Realignment: Security, Industry, and the New Strategic Economy
What is the central argument of “The Baltic Energy Realignment”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
The energy shock of 2022 triggered a profound structural shift in Europe’s energy landscape, with consequences extending far beyond market volatility. The surge in gas prices at the Dutch TTF hub, initially perceived as a transient crisis, became the catalyst for a strategic decoupling from Russian energy dependence. Within two years…
Capability
Source · Technological Sovereignty as a Strategic Driver
What is the central argument of “Technological Sovereignty as a Strategic Driver”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
The pursuit of technological sovereignty has become a cornerstone of European defense and industrial policy. This concept refers to the ability of European states to develop, produce, and maintain critical technologies without excessive reliance on non-European suppliers. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine exposed serious…
Capability
Source · Private Equity Eyes Defence: A New Investment Frontier
What is the central argument of “Private Equity Eyes Defence”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
After decades on the sidelines, private equity firms are aggressively moving into the defence sector, seeing it as a new frontier for investment amid rising global tensions. The once–shunned arms industry – long avoided by PE over ethical concerns and slow growth – is now viewed as ripe with opportunity as governments ramp up military…
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Source · The Conventional Confrontation in Central Europe during the Cold War
What is the central argument of “The Conventional Confrontation in Central Europe during the Cold War”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
The conventional confrontation in Central Europe represented the core of the Cold War, as Germany was the most likely theater of a general conflict. There, the largest military contingents, strategic planning, and exercises of both opposing blocs were concentrated. For NATO, defending West Germany was indispensable for the credibility of…
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Source · Structural Violence and Digital Dependencies
What is the central argument of “Structural Violence and Digital Dependencies”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
Dependencies on non-allied suppliers are no longer seen as commercial inconveniences; they are strategic vulnerabilities. In the digital age, reliance on Chinese rare earths, Taiwanese semiconductors, or non-European cloud services constitutes a form of structural violence that constrains autonomy and weakens deterrence. These…
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Source · The Finance of Deterrence
What is the central argument of “The Finance of Deterrence”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
Deterrence is not merely a matter of strategy and doctrine; it is a question of sustained financing. The war in Ukraine has revealed that Europe’s defence budgets, even when nominally large, often fail to translate into readiness, production, or sustained operational capacity. The problem lies in the structure of expenditure, not only in…
Capability
Source · The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Future of the War–State Relationship
What is the central argument of “The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Future of the War”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
The transformation triggered by the fourth industrial revolution has introduced a profound change in the nature of war and in the relationship between technology and political power. Current innovations, from artificial intelligence to autonomous weapons, from quantum computing to biotechnologies, call into question structures that for…
Capability
Source · The Defense Economy in France: National and Regional Perspectives
What is the central argument of “The Defense Economy in France”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
The French defense economy represents one of the most integrated national models in Europe, combining industrial, technological, and social dimensions. Under the Military Programming Law (Loi de programmation militaire, LPM) 2024–2030, the government has committed to reinforcing both operational readiness and the sovereign character of…
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Source · The Convergence of Civil Technology and Defence Industry
What is the central argument of “The Convergence of Civil Technology and Defence Industry”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
Artificial intelligence is dissolving the long-standing boundary between civilian and military technologies, giving rise to a unified dual-use economy that operates simultaneously across markets and strategic domains. In the twentieth century, technological flows typically moved from defence research to civilian adaptation; in the…
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Source · Strategic Innovation Financing: Public Power and Private Capital
What is the central argument of “Strategic Innovation Financing”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
Innovation financing has become the decisive variable in the competition for technological dominance. The ability to transform research into deployable capability now depends less on scientific discovery than on the financial architectures that sustain it. Artificial intelligence, in particular, requires vast and continuous investment in…
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Source · The Historical Dimension of Maritime Order
What is the central argument of “The Historical Dimension of Maritime Order”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
Naval power has long represented the primary instrument through which great powers have constructed, defended, and legitimized regional and global orders. History demonstrates that maritime supremacy has never been a purely military goal, but rather a means of ensuring political stability, facilitating economic exchange, and imposing…
Capability
Source · Speed Over Perfection: The Pentagon’s Strategic Pivot to Wartime Procurement
What is the central argument of “Speed Over Perfection”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
In November 2025, U.S. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth outlined a sweeping overhaul of the Pentagon’s acquisition doctrine—one that places speed and adaptability above the long-standing pursuit of perfection. Speaking at the National War College in Washington, Hegseth declared that the Department of Defense must operate “on a wartime…
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Source · The Governance of Resilience: The Baltic as Europe’s Security Laboratory
What is the central argument of “The Governance of Resilience”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
The stability of the Baltic Sea depends not only on military assets or technological infrastructure but on a political and legal framework capable of making reactions predictable and responsibilities measurable. In an environment defined by hybrid threats, sub-threshold attacks, and ambiguity of attribution, deterrence no longer relies…
Capability
Source · The Geostrategic Impact of Multi-Domain Integration (MDI)
What is the central argument of “The Geostrategic Impact of Multi-Domain Integration (MDI)”, and why does it matter for European defence and dual-use markets?
Multi-Domain Integration (MDI) has emerged as the central operational and technological paradigm of Western defense planning in the twenty-first century. It reflects a profound shift in the concept of power, from the control of territory to the control of information, perception, and decision cycles. Modern warfare has become a contest…